米国ビザとは?
多くの国は不法労働者となる疑いのある人や自国の安全をおびやかす恐れのある人の入国を防ぐため、そして入国時の審査を簡素化するため、事前に在外公館でチェックを行い、入国許可証を発行します。この許可証がビザ(査証)です。
ただし、入国の可否の最終決定権は入国審査官に与えられています。そのため、有効なビザを持っていても入国審査官の判断により入国が拒否されることがあります。
米国のビザは大きく分けて非移民ビザと移民ビザに分かれます。非移民ビザは海外駐在や留学など一時的な滞在のためもので、帰国することが前提になります。一方移民ビザとは永住権(グリーンカード)とも呼ばれ、アメリカに定住する意思のもと、取得すると永久的にアメリカに居住することが許されます。(ただし更新の必要はあります。)
移民ビザの取得方法には雇用・投資・結婚・家族呼び寄せ・応募抽選などがあります。申請は日本から行います。米国内において非移民ビザから移民ビザへのステータス変更も可能です。
また、移民ビザ取得後に一定の条件を満たせば、アメリカ市民になることができます。
非移民ビザには、A~Vビザ、NAFTAビザ、NATOビザがあり、さらにH-1B、H-2、H-3、H-4、と分類されているビザもあります。この中で一般的な企業が主に必要とするビザは、Bビザ、Eビザ、Fビザ、H-1Bビザ、Jビザ、Lビザです。
ビザの種類
Non-residents | ||||
Temporary visitors for pleasure | ||||
B2: | Temporary visitors for pleasure | |||
(WT: | Visa Waiver Program – temporary visitors for pleasure) | |||
(GT: | Guam Visa Waiver Program – temporary visitors for pleasure to Guam) | |||
Temporary visitors for business | ||||
B1: | Temporary visitors for business | |||
(WB: | Visa Waiver Program – temporary visitors for business) | |||
(GB: | Guam Visa Waiver Program – temporary visitors for business to Guam) | |||
Transit aliens | ||||
C1: | Aliens in continuous and immediate transit through the United States | |||
C2: | Aliens in transit to the United Nations | |||
C3: | Foreign government officials, their spouses, children, and attendants in transit | |||
Commuter students | ||||
F3: | Canadian or Mexican national academic commuter students | |||
M3: | Canadian or Mexican national vocational commuter students | |||
Short-term Residents | ||||
Temporary workers and families | ||||
Temporary workers and trainees | ||||
H1B: | Temporary workers with “specialty occupation” | |||
H1B1: | Chile and Singapore Free Trade Agreement aliens | |||
H1C: | Registered nurses participating in the Nursing Relief for Disadvantaged Areas | |||
H2A: | Seasonal agricultural workers | |||
H2B: | Seasonal nonagricultural workers | |||
H2R: | Returning H2B workers | |||
H3: | Trainees | |||
H4: | Spouses and children of H1, H2, or H3 | |||
O1: | Workers with extraordinary ability or achievement | |||
O2: | Workers accompanying and assisting in performance of O1 workers | |||
O3: | Spouses and children of O1 and O2 | |||
P1: | Internationally recognized athletes or entertainers | |||
P2: | Artists or entertainers in reciprocal exchange programs | |||
P3: | Artists or entertainers in culturally unique programs | |||
P4: | Spouses and children of P1, P2, or P3 | |||
Q1: | Workers in international cultural exchange programs | |||
R1: | Workers in religious occupations | |||
R2: | Spouses and children of R1 | |||
TN: | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) professional workers | |||
TD: | Spouses and children of TN | |||
Intracompany transferees | ||||
L1: | Intracompany transferees | |||
L2: | Spouses and children of L1 | |||
Treaty traders and investors | ||||
E1: | Treaty traders and their spouses and children | |||
E2: | Treaty investors and their spouses and children | |||
E3: | Australian Free Trade Agreement principals, spouses and children | |||
Representatives of foreign information media | ||||
I1: | Representatives of foreign information media and spouses and children | |||
Students | ||||
F1: | Academic students | |||
F2: | Spouses and children of F1 | |||
M1: | Vocational students | |||
M2: | Spouses and children of M1 | |||
Exchange visitors | ||||
J1: | Exchange visitors | |||
J2: | Spouses and children of J1 | |||
Diplomats and other representatives | ||||
A1: | Ambassadors, public ministers, career diplomatic or consular officers and their families | |||
A2: | Other foreign government officials or employees and their families | |||
A3: | Attendants, servants, or personal employees of A1 and A2 and their families | |||
G1: | Principals of recognized foreign governments | |||
G2: | Other representatives of recognized foreign governments | |||
G3: | Representatives of nonrecognized or nonmember foreign governments | |||
G4: | International organization officers or employees | |||
N1 to N7: | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) officials, spouses, and children | |||
Other categories | ||||
Q2: | Irish Peace Process Cultural and Training Program aliens | |||
Q3: | Spouses and children of Q2 | |||
Expected Long-term Residents | ||||
Legal Immigration Family Equity (LIFE) Act | ||||
K1: | Fiancé(e)s of U.S. citizens | |||
K2: | Children of K1 | |||
K3: | Spouses of U.S. citizens, immigrant visa pending | |||
K4: | Children of K3, immigrant visa pending | |||
V1 to V3: | Spouses and children of permanent residents, immigrant visa pending | |||
Other categories | ||||
N8: | Parents of international organization special immigrants | |||
N9: | Children of N8 or international organization special immigrants |